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005735 Visit since
| Cronology of Important Events
in the History of Mexico - Part 1 |
by Prof. German Estrada
May 11, 2003 |
For those readers that would like
to know a little bit more of our history, here is the
first part of the chronology of events that took place
since our first ancestors came to these lands.
Period Description:
PRECOLUMBIAN
CA. 10,000 BC First hunters and
gatherers reach area of present-day Mexico
CA 1500 BC Villages appear, and inhabitants produce
clay products.
CA 200 BC- A D 100 Monte Albán civilization in
southern Mexico.
CA A D 1-650 Teotihuacán civilization in central
Mexico.
CA A D 600-900 Classic Mayan civilization in the Yucatan
peninsula.
Early 1300s Aztec arrive in the
Valley of Mexico.
1376 First Aztec king crowned.
1502-20 Reign of Moctezuma II (Montezuma).
COLONIAL
 1519-21
Hernán Cortés and about 700 men conquer
the Aztec Empire. Early 16th century Colonial administration
established. European settlers pour into Colony seeking
wealth. Native population decimated by disease and harsh
labor practices. Late 16th century Ranching and industry
grow, and mining expands. 17th century Colony stagnates.
Society becomes stratified along racial and social lines.
18th century Reforms by new Bourbon monarchs in Spain
revitalize colony. Immigration increases, and economy
and trade expand. Late 18th century Pressure for independence
builds, especially among criollos 1808-13 French occupation
of Spain throws colonies into political turmoil. 1810
Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores)--Miguel Hidalgo y
Costilla's call for independence - on september 16.
1811 Hidalgo executed.
Independence movement led by José María
Morelos y Pavón
1815 - 20 Morelos executed. Independence
movement degenerates into sporadic guerrilla fighting.
Vicente Guerrero most important guerrilla leader
EARLY INDEPENDENCE
1821 Colonization
grant given to Moses Austin to settle Texas. Plan of
Iguala proclaims Mexican Independence. Augustín
de Iturbide and Spanish envoy sign Treaty of Cordoba
recognizing Mexico's independence; treaty not honored
by Spanish government, however.
1822 Army of the Three Guarantees occupies
Mexico City under Iturbide's command. Iturbide becomes
emperor of Mexico as Agustín I. Iturbide deposed,
and republic proclaimed by Antonio López de Santa
1823 Guadalupe Victoria becomes first Mexican president.
1823 Federal republican government
is established under new constitution. Guerrero becomes
President.
 1828
Santa Anna repels Spain's attempt to regain control
of Mexico. Guerrero abolishes
slavery as means of discouraging migration of United
States southerners to Texas.
1829 Political disturbances. Rebellion
drives Guerrero from presidency. Immigration to Texas
from United States prohibited but not enforced.
1833 - 34 Santa Anna elected president
in 1833. Dictatorship established in 1834. End of first
liberal reforms. Titles abolished.
1835 - 36 Texas pioneers seek independence
from Mexico in 1835, achieving it in March
Santa Anna defeated and forced to recognize independence
of Texas. Spain and
Vatican recognize Mexican republic in 1836.
1837 Anastasio Bustamante becomes president,
initiating a process of centralization.
1841 Conservative rebellion against
Bustamante. Santa Anna's dictatorship.
1842 Santa Anna retires to his hacienda
and leaves government to Nicolás Bravo.
1843 Santa Anna chosen as president
of Mexico.
1844 Santa Anna forced into exile.
1845 Santa Anna returns to Mexico.
Annexation of Texas by United States.
1846 Mexico severs diplomatic relations
with United States. Beginning of Mexican-
American War
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends
Mexican-American War. Texan independence
confirmed. United States annexes territories of Upper
California and New Mexico.
1853 Santa Anna returns to Mexico and
becomes president. Sells additional territory to United
States under Gadsden Purchase.
1854 Triumph of Plan of Ayutla under
leadership of Benito Juárez.
1855 Santa Anna resigns in August.
Juárez Law ends fueros ( privileges) enjoyed
by military and clergy.
1856 Constitution of 1857 promulgated.
1858 - 61 War of the Reform between
conservatives/clericalists and liberals engulfs country,
in three years of bitter struggle. After liberal victory,
Juárez promulgates Reform
Laws establishing nationalization of ecclesiastical
properties without compensation,
as well as suppression of religious orders.
1861 Moratorium on foreign debt payments.
Tripartite agreement for intervention signed by Britain,
France, and Spain.
FRENCH INTERVENTION
1862 French forces
march on capital but suffer defeat at Puebla.
1863 French enter Puebla, then Mexico
City. Juárez forced to abandon the city.
1864 Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph's
reign as Maximilian I begins. He confirms Reform Laws,
except for those that refer to indigenous communities.
1866 French troops depart.
1867 Juárez offensive takes
place. Maximilian surrenders at Querétaro and
is executed.
Juárez moves his government to Mexico City and
becomes president.
 RESTORATION
AND PORFIRIATO
1872 Death of Juárez.
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada inaugurated president.
1873 Reform Laws incorporated into
Mexican constitution confirming separation of church
and State.
1876 José de la Cruz Porfirio
Díaz leads rebellion on platform of "no
reelection" and starts his presidential career,
which lasts for thirty-four years (except 1880-84),
of "order and progress." Finances, trade,
industry, and mining sector modernized. Political ideology
based on positivism.
1880 United States railroad companies
receive favorable concessions; railroad boom
1880-84 Presidency of Manuel González.
1884 Mining code reformed. Subsoil
ownership given to landowners. Reelection of Díaz.
Next week will bring this chronology
of events in our history to the present day
gestrada@pvnet.com.mx
Prof. Germán
Estrada is the author of the best selling book,
"México
Mágico: Everything You Wanted To Know
About... But Nobody Told You..." available in Puerto
Vallarta at The Net House, Mail Boxes, Etc., Books,
Books as well as directly from the author by internet.
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